詳細介紹

    中央空(kong)調(diao)系統(tong)由一個或多(duo)個冷(leng)(leng)(leng)熱(re)源系統(tong)和多(duo)個空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)調(diao)節系統(tong)組成，該系統(tong)不(bu)同(tong)于傳統(tong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑(ji)式空(kong)調(diao)，(如(ru)單體(ti)機，VRV) 集中處理空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)以達到舒適(shi)要求。采用液體(ti)氣(qi)(qi)化制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)的原理為空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)調(diao)節系統(tong)提(ti)供所需冷(leng)(leng)(leng)量，用以抵消(xiao)室(shi)內環境(jing)的熱(re)負荷；制(zhi)熱(re)系統(tong)為空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)調(diao)節系統(tong)提(ti)供所需熱(re)量，用以抵消(xiao)室(shi)內環境(jing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)暖負荷。

    制冷(leng)系統(tong)(tong)是中(zhong)央(yang)空調系統(tong)(tong)至關重要的部分，其采用種類、運行方(fang)式、結(jie)構形(xing)式等(deng)直接影響了(le)中(zhong)央(yang)空調系統(tong)(tong)在運行中(zhong)的經濟性(xing)、高效性(xing)、合(he)理性(xing)。

    制冷原(yuan)理

液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化制冷(leng)(leng)(leng)是(shi)利用液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化時的(de)(de)吸熱(re)(re)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)時的(de)(de)放(fang)熱(re)(re)效應來實現制冷(leng)(leng)(leng)的(de)(de)。液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)。當液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（制冷(leng)(leng)(leng)工(gong)質(zhi)）處在(zai)密閉的(de)(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)時，此容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)除(chu)了(le)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)及液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)本身所產(chan)生的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)外，不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)其他任(ren)何氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)某(mou)一(yi)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)下達(da)到(dao)平(ping)(ping)衡，此時的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)稱(cheng)為(wei)飽和(he)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)，壓(ya)(ya)力(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)飽和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)，溫(wen)度稱(cheng)為(wei)飽和(he)溫(wen)度。平(ping)(ping)衡時液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)不(bu)再汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化，這(zhe)(zhe)時如果將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)部分蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)從容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)抽走，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)必然(ran)要(yao)繼續汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化產(chan)生一(yi)部分蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)來維持這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)平(ping)(ping)衡。 液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化時要(yao)吸收熱(re)(re)量，此熱(re)(re)量稱(cheng)為(wei)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化潛熱(re)(re)。汽(qi)(qi)(qi)化潛熱(re)(re)來自被冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)對(dui)象(xiang)，使(shi)被冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)對(dui)象(xiang)變冷(leng)(leng)(leng)。為(wei)了(le)使(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)過(guo)程連(lian)續進(jin)行，就(jiu)必須從容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)斷(duan)地抽走蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)，并使(shi)其凝(ning)結成(cheng)(cheng)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)后再回到(dao)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)去。從容(rong)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)抽出的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)如直接(jie)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)成(cheng)(cheng)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，則所需冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度比液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)發溫(wen)度還要(yao)低(di)，我們希望蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)是(shi)在(zai)常溫(wen)下進(jin)行，因此需要(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)提高(gao)到(dao)常溫(wen)下的(de)(de)飽和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)。

制冷工質將在(zai)低(di)(di)溫(wen)、低(di)(di)壓(ya)下蒸(zheng)發，產生冷效(xiao)應；并在(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)、高(gao)壓(ya)下冷凝，向周(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)境或冷卻(que)介(jie)質放出熱量。蒸(zheng)汽在(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)、高(gao)壓(ya)下冷凝后變為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)液(ye)體，還(huan)需要將其壓(ya)力降低(di)(di)到蒸(zheng)發壓(ya)力后才能進入容器(qi)。

液體汽化(hua)制冷(leng)循環(huan)是由工質汽化(hua)、蒸汽升壓(ya)(ya)、高壓(ya)(ya)蒸汽冷(leng)凝、高壓(ya)(ya)液體降壓(ya)(ya)四(si)個(ge)過程(cheng)組成。

制熱原理

壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)吸入低壓(ya)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)過壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)壓(ya)縮變成(cheng)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)高(gao)壓(ya)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通(tong)過換熱(re)器把(ba)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)提高(gao)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)冷凝變成(cheng)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)再進(jin)入蒸(zheng)發器進(jin)行(xing)蒸(zheng)發，（蒸(zheng)發器蒸(zheng)發的同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也要(yao)有換熱(re)媒體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，根據換熱(re)的媒體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)不同(tong)(tong)機(ji)(ji)器的型號結構也不同(tong)(tong)。常用的有風(feng)冷和地源。）液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)過蒸(zheng)發器后變成(cheng)低壓(ya)低溫(wen)(wen)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，低溫(wen)(wen)氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)再次被(bei)壓(ya)縮機(ji)(ji)吸入進(jin)行(xing)壓(ya)縮。就這樣(yang)循環(huan)下去，空(kong)調側循環(huan)水(shui)就變成(cheng)45-55度左右的熱(re)水(shui)了。熱(re)水(shui)經(jing)(jing)過管道送到需要(yao)采暖的房間，房間安裝有風(feng)機(ji)(ji)盤管把(ba)熱(re)水(shui)和空(kong)氣進(jin)行(xing)熱(re)交(jiao)換實現(xian)制熱(re)目的。

不同系統

水系統工作原理

水冷(leng)(leng)中央空(kong)調包含四大部件，壓(ya)縮機、冷(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)(qi)、節流裝置、蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)(qi)，制冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)依(yi)次在(zai)上述(shu)四大部件循(xun)環(huan)，壓(ya)縮機出(chu)來的(de)冷(leng)(leng)媒（制冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)）高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)壓(ya)的(de)氣體(ti)，流經(jing)冷(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)(qi)，降溫(wen)降壓(ya)，冷(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)(qi)通過(guo)冷(leng)(leng)卻水系(xi)統將熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)帶(dai)到冷(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)排出(chu)，冷(leng)(leng)媒繼(ji)續流動經(jing)過(guo)節流裝置，成低溫(wen)低壓(ya)液體(ti)，流經(jing)蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)(qi)，吸熱(re)(re)，再經(jing)壓(ya)縮。在(zai)蒸(zheng)發(fa)器(qi)(qi)的(de)兩端(duan)接有冷(leng)(leng)凍水循(xun)環(huan)系(xi)統，制冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)在(zai)此(ci)次吸的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)將冷(leng)(leng)凍水溫(wen)度降低，使低溫(wen)的(de)水流到用戶端(duan)，再經(jing)過(guo)風機盤管進行熱(re)(re)交換，將冷(leng)(leng)風吹出(chu)。

風系統工作原理

新風(feng)的(de)(de)傳輸方(fang)式采用(yong)(yong)(yong)置換式，而(er)(er)非(fei)空調(diao)氣體的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)循環(huan)原理和新舊氣體混(hun)合的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)健康做法，戶(hu)外(wai)的(de)(de)新穎空氣經(jing)過(guo)負壓方(fang)式會(hui)自動吸入室(shi)內(nei)(nei)，經(jing)過(guo)安裝在臥室(shi)、室(shi)廳或起(qi)居室(shi)窗戶(hu)上的(de)(de)新風(feng)口進入室(shi)內(nei)(nei)時，會(hui)自動除塵(chen)和過(guo)濾(lv)。同(tong)時，再由對應的(de)(de)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)管路與數(shu)個功用(yong)(yong)(yong)房(fang)間(jian)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)排風(feng)口相連，構成的(de)(de)循環(huan)系統(tong)將帶走室(shi)內(nei)(nei)廢氣，集中在排風(feng)口“呼出(chu)(chu)”，而(er)(er)排出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)廢氣不(bu)(bu)再做循環(huan)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)，新舊風(feng)形良好的(de)(de)循環(huan)。

盤管系統工作原理

風機盤(pan)(pan)管空(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理，就是借助風機盤(pan)(pan)管機組不斷地循環(huan)室內(nei)空(kong)氣(qi)，使之通過盤(pan)(pan)管而被冷(leng)卻或(huo)加熱，以保持(chi)房間(jian)要(yao)求的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)一定的(de)(de)相對濕度(du)。盤(pan)(pan)管使用的(de)(de)冷(leng)水或(huo)熱水，由(you)集中冷(leng)源(yuan)和(he)熱源(yuan)供應。與此(ci)同時，由(you)新(xin)(xin)風空(kong)調(diao)(diao)機房集中處理后的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)風，通過專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)風管道分別(bie)送(song)入各空(kong)調(diao)(diao)房間(jian)，以滿足空(kong)調(diao)(diao)房間(jian)的(de)(de)衛生要(yao)求。

風(feng)(feng)機(ji)盤(pan)管(guan)(guan)空調系(xi)統與集中式系(xi)統相(xiang)比，沒有(you)(you)大(da)風(feng)(feng)道，只有(you)(you)水管(guan)(guan)和(he)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)新(xin)風(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)，具有(you)(you)布置和(he)安裝(zhuang)方便、占(zhan)用建筑(zhu)空間小(xiao)(xiao)、單(dan)獨調節好等優點，廣泛(fan)用于溫、濕度精度要(yao)求不高、房間數多(duo)、房間較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)、需要(yao)單(dan)獨控制的(de)舒(shu)適(shi)性(xing)空調中。

供需形勢前景

美國(guo)、日本、加拿(na)大和歐(ou)洲等(deng)經濟發(fa)(fa)(fa)達國(guo)家紛(fen)紛(fen)將冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)技(ji)術(shu)引入到建筑空(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統(tong)(tong)。國(guo)內各(ge)主(zhu)要(yao)傳統(tong)(tong)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)廠家也(ye)已開始進行冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)等(deng)“非電(dian)(dian)”制冷(leng)技(ji)術(shu)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)研發(fa)(fa)(fa)和儲備。冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)作為一種新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能環保技(ji)術(shu)，在(zai)中央空(kong)調(diao)(diao)領域有著廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前景，新(xin)建工程，可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)設計(ji)施(shi)工階段將常規(gui)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統(tong)(tong)修改為冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統(tong)(tong)。全國(guo)現有幾百(bai)家單(dan)位在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。2010年，我國(guo)自主(zhu)研發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首臺板式制冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)在(zai)實際(ji)應用(yong)(yong)中，經過相關部門認定，比傳統(tong)(tong)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能40%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，達到國(guo)際(ji)領先水平(ping)。這(zhe)也(ye)為降低費用(yong)(yong)，全面推開冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)打下良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。冰(bing)蓄(xu)冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢主(zhu)要(yao)體利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)差來實現節(jie)省資(zi)金、達到供冷(leng)要(yao)求。實際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力是(shi)處于(yu)供應緊(jin)張(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況，有些省市(shi)不(bu)得不(bu)拉閘(zha)限(xian)電(dian)(dian)。我國(guo)任何一個電(dian)(dian)力緊(jin)張(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)，夜間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力都(dou)是(shi)過剩的(de)(de)(de)(de)。而電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)、供、用(yong)(yong)是(shi)同時同步的(de)(de)(de)(de)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)不(bu)能儲存的(de)(de)(de)(de)。晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)沒有用(yong)(yong)戶用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)白白浪費了(le)。為此國(guo)家和各(ge)地區(qu)就(jiu)采取了(le)峰谷電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政策，即(ji)削峰添谷；核心(xin)就(jiu)是(shi)白天用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)高，晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)低。

內(nei)容(rong)顯(xian)示，在(zai)發達(da)國家，60%以上的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物都(dou)已使用(yong)冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。美國芝加(jia)哥一個城(cheng)市區域(yu)供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)系統，600多(duo)萬(wan)平(ping)方米(mi)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)共有(you)4個冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)站，城(cheng)市集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)芝加(jia)哥城(cheng)市供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)三號(hao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)站蓄(xu)(xu)冰量是12.5萬(wan)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)噸(dun)時，電力負荷438兆瓦，每(mei)日制(zhi)(zhi)冰4700噸(dun)。從美、日、韓等國家應(ying)用(yong)的(de)情況看(kan)，冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)空調負荷集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)、峰谷差大、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物相對聚(ju)集(ji)的(de)地區或(huo)區域(yu)都(dou)可(ke)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)使用(yong)。我國每(mei)年(nian)新建(jian)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)20億平(ping)方米(mi)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，城(cheng)市新增(zeng)住(zhu)宅建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和公(gong)共建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)約(yue)8億～9億平(ping)方米(mi)，為(wei)冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)應(ying)用(yong)提(ti)供(gong)了巨(ju)大市場。我國每(mei)年(nian)公(gong)共建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)新增(zeng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)3億平(ping)方米(mi)，如30%的(de)新建(jian)公(gong)共建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)采用(yong)冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)空調系統，全國每(mei)年(nian)可(ke)節(jie)電15億千(qian)瓦時。從芝加(jia)哥的(de)案例(li)我們看(kan)到了冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)前景，建(jian)議立(li)即(ji)在(zai)國內(nei)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)使用(yong)這一技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。從技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)成熟(shu)度、設備制(zhi)(zhi)造和施(shi)工能(neng)力、政策(ce)環(huan)境等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)看(kan)，冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)我國全面(mian)(mian)(mian)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)應(ying)用(yong)已經具(ju)備了一定的(de)基礎(chu)條(tiao)件，加(jia)大推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)勢在(zai)必行(xing)。國家將進一步(bu)落實節(jie)能(neng)目標評(ping)價考核，形成技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)的(de)倒(dao)逼機制(zhi)(zhi)，完善激勵政策(ce)，發揮市場機制(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)，逐步(bu)形成市場為(wei)主導、企業為(wei)主體、政府引導、多(duo)方緊(jin)密協作的(de)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)格(ge)局(ju)，因(yin)地制(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)加(jia)快推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)冰蓄(xu)(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。